Research

Research and sources

The figures on this site, where they come from and what they count. We use US sources wherever one exists, and say so where one doesn’t. These are industry figures and other people’s operations, not results from SMART RTP.

Returnable containers that don’t come back

Used on the page for: Idle containers

$244M

US Postal Service mail transport equipment (sacks, trays, wheeled containers, pallets) unaccounted for at local mailers in fiscal 2021. Separately, $199 million in questioned costs at postal facilities and large mailers, and about $300 million spent on new equipment from 2017 to 2021.

What it counts“Unaccounted for” means not tracked back, which isn’t the same as lost. The Inspector General said the equipment was “at risk of loss, leakage, and unauthorized use.”

USPS Office of Inspector General, Audit 21-229-R22, April 2022
2× NPV

Michigan State University School of Packaging researchers, citing a Johnson & Johnson case: “Cutting in half the number of days in the cycle can double NPV.” They also note that containers “are routinely misdirected, inappropriately reused or lost, and they are rarely tracked.”

What it countsA review paper. The NPV line quotes Block (1999), a single medical-device case.

Twede and Clarke, Journal of Marketing Channels, 2004
$80M

Estimated annual loss on milk crates reported by US dairy companies, with nearly 20 million crates lost.

What it countsAn International Dairy Foods Association survey from 2009. Old, and self-reported.

International Dairy Foods Association
<50%

Share of returnable containers available for use at any one time, across six operations.

What it countsAcademic case study of six companies. Not US-specific.

Carrasco-Gallego and Ponce-Cueto, 2010
89 to 96%

Share of a tracked small container’s loop spent waiting at a location rather than moving.

What it countsOne field study, two tracked loops. Not US-specific.

Müller et al., HICSS-58, 2025

Cargo theft in the US and Canada

Used on the page for: Pilferage and custody

$725M

Estimated cargo theft losses in the US and Canada in 2025, up 60% on 2024. Confirmed cargo thefts rose 18%, to 2,646.

What it countsThefts reported to CargoNet, a Verisk business. Reporting is voluntary, so the true figure is higher.

CargoNet (Verisk), 2025 theft trends, January 2026
+47%

Food and beverage thefts in 2025 (708 incidents), the largest increase of any category.

What it countsCount of reported thefts by commodity. CargoNet’s Q2 2026 figures show food and beverage theft down again, so this is a 2025 figure.

CargoNet (Verisk), 2025 theft trends
46%

Share of food and beverage theft incidents that happened at warehouses or distribution centers.

What it countsVerisk’s analysis of CargoNet data.

Verisk, April 2026

Food safety in transport (FDA)

Used on the page for: Cold chain

21 CFR 1.908

The FSMA Sanitary Transportation rule: food that requires temperature control must be “transported under adequate temperature control.” The shipper specifies the temperature in writing, the receiver checks the food wasn’t subjected to temperature abuse, and on request the carrier shows it held the temperature, for example with “time/temperature data taken during the shipment.”

What it countsCovers motor and rail transport. It sets no fixed temperature and doesn’t require continuous logging.

FDA, FSMA Sanitary Transportation of Human and Animal Food
24 hours

Under the FSMA Food Traceability Rule, businesses handling foods on the Food Traceability List keep key data for events including shipping and receiving, and give it to the FDA within 24 hours of a request.

What it countsApplies only to listed foods. FDA will not enforce it before July 20, 2028.

FDA, FSMA Food Traceability Rule
41°F

Cold-holding temperature for time/temperature control for safety foods in the FDA Food Code.

What it countsA model code for retail and food service that states adopt. It isn’t the transport rule, which sets no fixed temperature.

FDA Food Code 2026, § 3-501.16

Retail shrink in the US

Used on the page for: Background to pilferage

$112.1B

US retail shrink in fiscal 2022, an average shrink rate of 1.6%. Theft, internal and external, was nearly two-thirds (65%) of it.

What it countsInventory loss in stores. In-transit and supply chain losses are often reported as claims instead, and NRF hasn’t published a dollar figure since.

NRF National Retail Security Survey, 2023

Company figures

4 million+

GPS-based tracking devices System Loco has deployed globally. Its platform processes over 200 million data points a day.

What it countsSystem Loco’s own figures.

System Loco
1947

UTZ founded. Family-owned, headquartered in Bremgarten, Switzerland, with about 1,300 employees and production in eight countries, including its US plant in Edinburgh, Indiana.

What it countsUTZ’s own figures.

UTZ Group, United States
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